Which of the following characterizes hemolytic anemia?

• A. Deficiency of intrinsic factor
• B. Autoimmune destruction of parietal cells
• C. RBCs are destroyed and removed before normal lifespan
• D. Insufficient folic acid leading to neurologic symptoms

Answer: (C)

Hemolytic anemia is characterized by the premature destruction of red blood cells (RBCs) before they reach their normal lifespan, which is typically around 120 days. In this condition, various mechanisms lead to increased hemolysis, either intravascularly (within blood vessels) or extravascularly (usually in the spleen and liver). As a result, the body cannot produce red blood cells quickly enough to replace those that are being destroyed, leading to anemia and its associated symptoms, such as fatigue and pallor.

The other options describe different conditions or mechanisms that are not specific to hemolytic anemia. For instance, a deficiency of intrinsic factor is associated with pernicious anemia, which affects vitamin B12 absorption rather than the destruction of RBCs. Autoimmune destruction of parietal cells relates to the same condition, as these cells are involved in producing intrinsic factor. Insufficient folic acid does not directly lead to hemolytic anemia; instead, it causes macrocytic anemia, which can also result in neurological symptoms.